This chapter is meant to provide a detailed explanation of the classification of embedded systems. Here, you will learn about different types of embedded systems, their features, and applications.
Types of Embedded Systems
Depending on the features, functionalities, and uses, embedded systems can be classified into various types. The major classifications of embedded systems are highlighted here –
- Based on Functional Requirements – Embedded systems can be classified into several different types depending on what functions or tasks they are designed to perform. Examples include mobile embedded systems, networked embedded systems, standalone embedded systems, and real-time embedded systems.
- Based on Performance Requirements – The classification of embedded systems can also be done as per their performance capabilities. This classification depends on factors like processing power, memory capacity, IO handling capabilities, and scalability. Examples of embedded systems in this category include small-scale embedded systems, medium-scale embedded systems, and sophisticated-scale embedded systems.
Let’s now discuss about all these different types of embedded systems in detail along with their unique features and applications.
Mobile Embedded Systems
Embedded systems that are designed to be used in portable devices like smartphones, laptops, wearables, etc. are referred to as mobile embedded systems. These embedded systems have a compact size, lightweight, and have higher energy efficiency.
Some of the key features of mobile embedded systems are –
- Compact and portable form factor
- Optimized for battery-powered devices
- Consumes low power
Mobile embedded systems are widely used in devices like –
- Digital cameras
- Smartphones
- Laptops
- Smartwatches and other wearables, etc.
Networked Embedded Systems
Those embedded systems that are designed to be used in networked devices or systems and have efficient network connectivity capabilities are termed networked embedded systems. These embedded systems are considered the backbone of most IoT (Internet of Things) applications.
The following are some key features of networked embedded systems that distinguish them from other types of embedded systems –
- Capable of providing remote monitoring and control capabilities
- Provide real-time data-sharing capabilities
- Can be connected to networks like LAN, MAN, WAN, etc.
- Support communication protocols to provide improved security
Networked embedded systems are widely used in –
- Home or office security systems to provide remote monitoring facility
- POS (Point-of-Sale) terminals
- IoT and smart devices used in home or office automation systems, etc.
Standalone Embedded Systems
Embedded systems that can operate independently without being connected or being a part of a host system are called standalone embedded systems. Therefore, these embedded systems are capable of performing the specific task for which they are designed.
Some of the important features of standalone embedded systems are as follows –
- They do not depend on a host system to operate/function.
- They have a defined functionality for performing a specific task.
- They exist as a self-contained unit, combining all the computing resources.
- These embedded systems have a simple design and provide a cost-effective solution for dedicated tasks.
- They provide reliable operation for which they are designed.
Some examples highlighting the applications of standalone embedded systems are given below –
- In calculators to perform mathematical operations.
- In MP3 or audio systems to store and play music files.
- In microwave ovens to enable automated heating and cooking functionalities.
- In smartwatches to integrate some of the smartphone functionalities, etc.
Real-Time Embedded Systems
As the name implies, real-time embedded systems are those that can process data and respond to inputs within a specified time constraint. These embedded systems are specially designed to provide accurate real-time operations in time-critical applications.
The key features of real-time embedded systems include –
- Suitable for time-critical operations
- Provide a deterministic behavior
- Have a predictable response time in operations
- High reliability and smaller delay time, etc.
Because of real-time functionality, the real-time embedded systems are employed in the following applications –
- In traffic control to effectively manage vehicle flow on roads
- In medical equipment, is mainly used for monitoring patient’s time-critical conditions
- In defense systems like missile guide systems that require precise time functionality, etc.
Small-Scale Embedded Systems
Small-scale embedded systems are those embedded systems designed to be used in simple applications that require minimal hardware resources. In these embedded systems, 8-bit microcontrollers are used as the key component. Hence, small-scale embedded systems are cost-efficient.
The following are some of the important features of the small-scale embedded systems –
- 8-bit microcontrollers are used as the main component
- Provide limited processing power
- Use simple software architectures
- Have limited memory capacity
- Optimized for power efficiency
- Cost-effective, etc.
Some of the main applications where small-scale embedded systems are employed include –
- Home appliances like washing machines, air conditioners, refrigerators, etc., to provide basic automation and control functionality.
- Interactive toys and remote-controlled electronic devices, etc.
Medium-Scale Embedded Systems
Medium-scale embedded systems are designed to have more processing power and functional capabilities when compared to small-scale embedded systems. Hence, these systems are mainly used to perform tasks of moderate complexity.
The features that medium-scale embedded systems are supposed to offer include –
- These systems mainly use 16- or 32-bit microcontrollers as their main component.
- These embedded systems allow to link multiple microcontrollers together.
- They can support more complex software designs.
- They provide high processing power and memory capacity.
Medium-scale embedded systems are widely used in the following applications –
- In automotives to provide functionalities like engine control, infotainment, safety systems, etc.
- In medical devices like ECG, ultrasound, etc.
- In industrial automation or robotic systems to manage operations of machines and production lines, etc.
Sophisticated-Scale Embedded Systems
These embedded systems are designed to have exceptionally high processing power and handle highly sophisticated tasks. Hence, these systems are mainly used in applications where performance and processing capabilities are critical.
The key features of sophisticated-scale embedded systems are given below –
- Offers high computational power
- Supports complex algorithms
- Have robust hardware
- Have easily scalable design and modular structure, etc.
Sophisticated-scale embedded systems are widely used in the following applications –
- In aerospace systems to provide functionalities like reliable and precise navigation.
- In telecommunication systems to manage network infrastructure operations.
- In advanced robotic systems to provide autonomous control functionalities, etc.