In this chapter, we will discuss the basic to advanced concepts of Embedded Systems. An Embedded System is basically a specially designed computing device that can perform a specific function independently or mostly as a part of a large system or device. It is basically a small-sized digital computer consisting of components namely, microprocessor, memory unit, and I/O peripherals. Embedded systems are used as hardware components within a machine or device, for example, a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is used in industrial automation systems to control the processes autonomously, whereas a PLC is nothing but an embedded system. Let’s discuss embedded systems in more detail.
What is an Embedded System?
An embedded system is a small computing machine that combines hardware and software components in a single unit and is designed to perform dedicated tasks. Embedded systems are generally used as an integral part of a large system or device to perform or control a specific function.
Depending on the architecture and requirements, embedded systems can be designed as –
- Programmable embedded systems
- Fixed task-embedded systems
In modern days, embedded systems are being used in a wide range of industries, from consumer electronics like smartwatches, smartphones, TVs, etc. to larger industrial automation systems and robotics.
Block Diagram of Embedded System
The block diagram of a typical embedded system is depicted in the following figure.
The major components of the embedded system are explained here –
Embedded Software
This component of an embedded system is used to make the hardware components functional and control their functionality.
It includes operating systems and application software. The operating system used in embedded systems is generally a real-time operating system (RTOS). Application software depends on the requirements of the system.
Embedded system software is majorly responsible for the following functions –
- System control and operation
- Input-output handing
- Communication
- Data processing, etc.
Power Supply
The power supply unit provides the necessary electric power for the embedded system to function. In embedded systems, a power supply unit takes AC power from supply mains and converts it into a stable DC supply at a voltage suitable for embedded system components.
Microprocessor
The microprocessor is the main component of the embedded system that executes instructions, processes data, and performs calculations.
Memory Unit
The memory unit is responsible for storing data and instructions in the embedded system. The memory unit of a typical embedded system generally contains RAM and ROM.
External Device Interface Controller
This is a component responsible for creating a communication interface between internal components of an embedded system and external devices or peripherals. External device controller performs functions like –
- Data collection from sensors and other input devices
- Send signals or outputs to external devices.
Characteristics of Embedded Systems
The following are some important characteristics and features of embedded systems –
- Task-Specific Design – Embedded systems are specially designed to perform a specific task. Hence, in this respect, they are different from a general-purpose computer that can perform multiple operations or functions.
- Real-Time Performance – Embedded systems are usually designed to meet the real-time requirements of the large system or device in which they are being used.
- Integrated in Large System – Most embedded systems are designed to be a part of a large system or device like an air conditioner to automatically regulate the temperature.
- Cost-Effective Solution – Embedded systems are the cost-effective solutions for those systems that need low or no-performance demands as a whole.
- Run on Firmware – Embedded systems have a micro-design and a firmware-driven mechanism stored in a non-volatile memory like ROM.
- Use Limited Hardware Resources – Embedded systems are designed to use minimal hardware resources like very small memory, simple user interface, limited input capabilities, etc.
Real-World Examples of Embedded Systems
The following are some examples of embedded systems in real-world applications –
- In modern vehicles, embedded systems are used to perform a variety of functions like cruise control, airbag system, navigation, infotainment, etc. In automobiles, a large number of embedded systems are used to perform different functions.
- In smartphones, a lot of embedded systems are used. Some common examples include cameras, microphones, speakers, display units, operating systems, interfacing modules, network controllers, I/O ports, sensors, etc.
- In industries, embedded systems are used for automation, control, and monitoring of specific operations within a large industrial setup.
- In medical equipment, embedded systems are used for automatic vital sign monitoring, controlling complex operations, etc.
- In wearable and fitness devices, embedded systems are integrated to monitor heart rate, oxygen level, step counts, and more.
Conclusion
So, this is all about the fundamentals of embedded systems. This article has explained some important concepts of embedded systems, from basic definitions to real-world examples. In conclusion, we can state that an embedded system is a computing device designed to perform a single, dedicated task and used as a part of a large system or device.